Glossary
The EMN Glossary – as one of the key products of the EMN - improves comparability by enabling a common understanding and use of terms and definitions relating to asylum and migration. The Glossary draws on a variety of sources, but primarily on the legislation of the EU asylum and immigration acquis, and makes terms available in the majority of EU Member State languages.
The online version is regularly updated and available in various languages.
- BG: основания за преследване, посочени в Конвенцията за статута на бежанците
- CZ: důvody pro udělení azylu dle Ženevské úmluvy
- DE: Verfolgungsgründe (nach) der Genfer Konvention, Konventionsgründe
- EE: Genfi konventsioonis sätestatud tagakiusamise alused
- EN: Convention grounds for persecution
- ES: motivos de persecución Convenio de Ginebra de 1951 y Protocolo de 1967
- FI: Geneven yleissopimuksen mukaiset vainon perusteet
- FR: motifs de persécution au sens de la Convention de Genève
- GA: forais ghéarleanúna de réir Choinbhinsiún na Ginéive
- GR: λόγους δίωξης
- IT: cause di persecuzione ex Convenzione di Ginevra
- LT: persekiojimo pagrindai pagal Konvenciją
- LV: Ženēvas konvencijas noteiktie vajāšanas pamati
- MT: Motivi għall-persekuzzjoni skont il-Konvenzjoni
- NL: gronden voor vervolging in de zin van het Vluchtelingenverdrag
- NO: konvensjonsgrunnene for forfølgelse (b) / konvensjonsgrunnane for forfølging (n)
- RO: motive de persecutie stabilite de Conventia de la Geneva din 1951
- SE: konventionsgrunder för förföljelse
- SK: dôvody prenasledovania podľa Ženevského dohovoru
- SL: konvencijski razlogi za preganjanje / razlogi za preganjanje po Ženevski konvenciji iz 1951
Definition
The five enumerated grounds listed in Art. 1A(2) of the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol: race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion which must be the reason for persecution.
Synonyms
grounds for persecution, reasons for persecution
Broader
persecution
Comments
1. Not every person who is outside their own country and has a well-founded fear of persecution is a Convention refugee. One of the conditions for qualification for refugee status within the meaning of Art. 1(A) of the Geneva Refugee Convention is the existence of a causal link between the reasons for persecution, namely race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership of a particular social group, and the acts of persecution or the absence of protection against such acts. Persecution based on any other ground will not be considered. The risk of being persecuted may sometimes arise in circumstances where two or more Convention grounds combine in the same person, in which case the combination of such grounds defines the causal connection to the well-founded fear of being persecuted.
2. The following definitions come into play when States attempt to determine who is and who is not a refugee :
- race is used in its broadest sense and includes ethnic and social groups of common descent;
- religion also has meaning, including identification with a group that tends to share common traditions or beliefs, as well as the active practice of religion;
- nationality includes an individual’s citizenship. Persecution of ethnic, linguistic and cultural groups within a population also may be termed persecution based on nationality;
- a particular social group refers to people who share a similar background, habits or social status. This category often overlaps with persecution based on one of the other four grounds. It has applied to families of capitalists, landowners, homosexuals, entrepreneurs and former members of the military;
- political opinion refers to ideas not tolerated by the authorities, including opinions critical of government policies and methods. It includes opinions attributed to individuals even if the individual does not in fact hold that opinion. Individuals who conceal their political opinions until after they have fled their countries may qualify for refugee status if they can show that their views are likely to subject them to persecution if they return home.
2. The following definitions come into play when States attempt to determine who is and who is not a refugee :
- race is used in its broadest sense and includes ethnic and social groups of common descent;
- religion also has meaning, including identification with a group that tends to share common traditions or beliefs, as well as the active practice of religion;
- nationality includes an individual’s citizenship. Persecution of ethnic, linguistic and cultural groups within a population also may be termed persecution based on nationality;
- a particular social group refers to people who share a similar background, habits or social status. This category often overlaps with persecution based on one of the other four grounds. It has applied to families of capitalists, landowners, homosexuals, entrepreneurs and former members of the military;
- political opinion refers to ideas not tolerated by the authorities, including opinions critical of government policies and methods. It includes opinions attributed to individuals even if the individual does not in fact hold that opinion. Individuals who conceal their political opinions until after they have fled their countries may qualify for refugee status if they can show that their views are likely to subject them to persecution if they return home.
- BG: бежанец съгласно Конвенцията за статута на бежанците от 1951 г.
- CZ: azylant
- DE: Konventionsflüchtling
- EE: konventsioonipagulane
- EN: Convention refugee
- ES: refugiado (en términos de la Convención de Ginebra)
- FI: Geneven yleissopimuksen mukainen pakolainen
- FR: réfugié au sens de la Convention de Genève
- GA: dídeanaí de réir Choinbhinsiún na Ginéive
- GR: πρόσφυγας (σύμφωνα με την συνθήκη της Γενέυης)
- HU: konvenciós menekült
- IT: rifugiato ex Convenzione di Ginevra
- LT: pabėgėlis pagal Konvenciją
- LV: bēglis Ženēvas konvencijas izpratnē
- MT: Rifuġjat(a) skont il-Konvenzjoni ta’ Ġinevra
- NL: verdragsvluchteling
- NO: konvensjonsflyktning
- PL: uchodźca konwencyjny
- PT: refugiado (na acepção da Convenção de Genebra de 1951 relativa aos refugiados)
- RO: refugiat în baza convenţiei de la Geneva
- SE: konventionsflykting
- SK: utečenec podľa Ženevského dohovoru
- SL: konvencijski begunec /begunec po Ženevski konvenciji
Definition
Person recognized as a refugee by States under the criteria in Art. 1A of the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol, and entitled to the enjoyment of a variety of rights under that Convention.
Synonyms
recognized refugee